What combination of forces drove the spread of global consumer norms in the 20th century?

• A. Narrow local markets and isolation.
• B. Mass production, advertising, media, and international travel.
• C. Disinterest in advertising and a return to barter economies.
• D. Fortress-like borders and autarky.

Answer: (B)

The spread of global consumer norms in the 20th century happened because mass production, advertising, media, and international travel created a global marketplace with standardized goods and shared imagery. Mass production lowered costs and allowed brands to scale across many countries, making familiar products available worldwide. Advertising and the vast reach of media fostered recognizable brands and aspirational lifestyles, so people in different places began desiring similar items and experiences. International travel exposed people to foreign goods and cultures, accelerating demand and making global brands feel accessible at home. Put together, these forces synchronized tastes and consumption patterns across borders, shaping a common consumer culture.

If markets were narrow and isolated, or if advertising were ignored, or if borders were closed to trade, the spread of global consumer norms would be much slower or unlikely.