Hammurabi's Code is an example of which development in ancient governance?

• A. A system of arbitrary rule without written laws.
• B. A religious text with no legal force.
• C. Codified laws used to regulate social and economic life.
• D. A modern constitution with universal suffrage.

Answer: (C)

Written, publicly accessible laws that regulate social and economic life. Hammurabi's Code is a landmark example of codified laws established by a ruler to govern daily behavior, trade, property, family matters, and penalties in ancient Mesopotamia. The laws were inscribed on a stele so people could know them in advance, which helps ensure that justice is not left to the ruler's momentary whim and supports consistent enforcement. This marks a development from arbitrary rule toward rule of law, even though the code also reveals social hierarchies by imposing different penalties based on a person’s status. It is not a religious text with no legal force, and it is not a modern constitution with universal suffrage. The emphasis is on standardizing rules that govern society and the economy through written law.